How is voyeurism characterized?

Voyeurism is characterized primarily by the act of gaining sexual pleasure or gratification from watching unsuspecting individuals who are typically engaged in private behaviors, such as undressing or engaging in sexual acts. This behavior often involves observing individuals without their consent, emphasizing the lack of awareness and privacy of the victims. This definition aligns with the concept of voyeurism, focusing on the repetitive and non-consensual nature of the act, which can lead to significant psychological and emotional harm to the observed individuals.

The other choices do touch on different aspects of sexual behavior but do not encapsulate the core characteristics of voyeurism as accurately. Excessive sexual acts in public can describe a variety of behaviors but does not specifically relate to the act of watching others without consent. Engaging in online sexual activities lacks the critical element of observation of others without their knowledge. Non-consensual photography, while somewhat related, does not explicitly encompass the act of watching, which is central to voyeurism itself.